Methylene Blue - used for over a century in Psychiatry, also handy for your fish tank

According to the packaging:-

Effective against a range of fungal and bacterial infections

•          Increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of fish

•          Can be used as an antiseptic directly onto wounds

•          For use in tropical and cold water aquariums

 

Our reader Dragos recently let us all know about his success with very low doses of Methylene Blue (MB).  I think this came as a surprise to many, but actually there is nothing new about using this old pigment as a therapy in psychiatry.  Much is known about its modes of action.

 

What is Methylene Blue?

In 1876, German chemist Heinrich Caro synthesized methylene blue (MB) for the first time in history.  It was used as a dye for textiles. Around the same time, it was found that MB is capable of staining cells by binding to their structures, in addition, sometimes inactivating bacteria. This discovery prepared the way for biological or medical studies related to MB. Numerous scientists applied it to a variety of animal and bacterial studies, importantly Paul Ehrlich introduced it to humans in 1891 as an anti-malarial agent.

I was interested to see why it is used in aquariums, in particular the reference to increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of fish.

Methemoglobinemia (MetHb) is a rare blood disorder that affects how red blood cells deliver oxygen throughout your body.

A common way to treat  MetHb  in humans is to reduce methemoglobin levels using  Methylene blue (MB). Another common treatment, not surprisingly, is to give oxygen.

If you want to increase oxygen levels in the fish in your aquarium you put MB in the water.

More oxygen in your blood would improve exercise endurance meaning you would delay the point at which your mitochondria become unable to keep producing ATP efficiently.

I did some investigation and there is indeed a trend towards people using methyl blue to improve their sporting performance. It is mocked in some newspapers because it makes your tongue turn blue. It makes for good pictures on Instagram.     

The effect will be similar to those long distance cyclists who take beetroot juice, but the mechanism is different.

Be aware that just like beetroot may dye what comes out of your body bright red, MB may give you a hint of blue.

  

Improved Mitochondrial Function

One of the known effects of Methylene Blue (MB) is on the mitochondria.

In numerous papers it has been discussed how MB improves brain mitochondrial respiration.

In neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, traumatic brain injury, depression, stroke, Parkinson’s disease and some autism, mitochondria contribute to the disorder through decreased energy production and excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

This subject does get rather complex but in short methylene blue is able to perform alternative electron transport, bypassing parts of the electron transport chain.

In autism terms this means that some people diagnosed with a lack of Complex 1, 2, 3 or 4 in their mitochondria, might want to pay particular attention to how Methylene Blue might be helpful.

Improved mitochondrial function is another reason why sportsmen might want to use MB to enhance their performance.

As we have seen with other enhancing drugs like the Russian Meldonium, the US Diamox and the new US super ketone products, the military do end up using these products.  If you see a picture of a navy seal with a blue tongue you will know where it came from!

 

Methylene Blue inhibits Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)

MAOIs act by inhibiting the activity of monoamine oxidase, thus preventing the breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters and thereby increasing their availability. There are two types of monoamine oxidase, MAO-A and MAO-B. MAO-A preferentially deaminates serotonin, melatonin, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. MAO-B preferentially deaminates phenethylamine and certain other trace amines; in contrast, MAO-A preferentially deaminates other trace amines, like tyramine, whereas dopamine is equally deaminated by both types.

Methyl blue is a reversible selective MAO-A inhibitor and so has antidepressant properties (it gives you more feel good serotonin). This interesting drug has several other pharmacological actions, including inhibition of nitric oxidase synthase (NOS), and guanylate cyclase and so its antidepressant properties should not be solely ascribed to inhibition of MAO-A. 

Inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and soluble guanylate cyclase prevents depression-like behaviour in rats exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress

Beyond treating depression MAOIs (Monoamine oxidase inhibitors) have been found to be effective in the treatment of panic disorder, social phobia, mixed anxiety disorder and depression, bulimia, and post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as borderline personality disorder, and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD).

MAOIs appear to be particularly effective in the management of bipolar depression.

Methylene blue treatment for residual symptoms of bipolar disorder: randomised crossover study

Background: Residual symptoms and cognitive impairment are among important sources of disability in patients with bipolar disorder. Methylene blue could improve such symptoms because of its potential neuroprotective effects.

Aims: We conducted a double-blind crossover study of a low dose (15 mg, 'placebo') and an active dose (195 mg) of methylene blue in patients with bipolar disorder treated with lamotrigine.

Method: Thirty-seven participants were enrolled in a 6-month trial (trial registration: NCT00214877). The outcome measures included severity of depression, mania and anxiety, and cognitive functioning.

Results: The active dose of methylene blue significantly improved symptoms of depression both on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (P = 0.02 and 0.05 in last-observation-carried-forward analysis). It also reduced the symptoms of anxiety measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (P = 0.02). The symptoms of mania remained low and stable throughout the study. The effects of methylene blue on cognitive symptoms were not significant. The medication was well tolerated with transient and mild side-effects.

Conclusions: Methylene blue used as an adjunctive medication improved residual symptoms of depression and anxiety in patients with bipolar disorder.

 

Methylene Blue activates oxidative stress response genes via Nrf2

One of the antioxidant effects of MB is activation of the redox switch Nrf2.  In the paper below it is also mentioned that MB has a beneficial against tau proteins. Amyloid and tau proteins clog up the brain in Alzheimer’s and as a result MB has been proposed as a therapy for dementia. 

Methylene blue upregulates Nrf2/ARE genes and prevents tau-related neurotoxicity

Methylene blue (MB, methylthioninium chloride) is a phenothiazine that crosses the blood brain barrier and acts as a redox cycler. Among its beneficial properties are its abilities to act as an antioxidant, to reduce tau protein aggregation and to improve energy metabolism. These actions are of particular interest for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases with tau protein aggregates known as tauopathies. The present study examined the effects of MB in the P301S mouse model of tauopathy. Both 4 mg/kg MB (low dose) and 40 mg/kg MB (high dose) were administered in the diet ad libitum from 1 to 10 months of age. We assessed behavior, tau pathology, oxidative damage, inflammation and numbers of mitochondria. MB improved the behavioral abnormalities and reduced tau pathology, inflammation and oxidative damage in the P301S mice. These beneficial effects were associated with increased expression of genes regulated by NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE), which play an important role in antioxidant defenses, preventing protein aggregation, and reducing inflammation. The activation of Nrf2/ARE genes is neuroprotective in other transgenic mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases and it appears to be an important mediator of the neuroprotective effects of MB in P301S mice. Moreover, we used Nrf2 knock out fibroblasts to show that the upregulation of Nrf2/ARE genes by MB is Nrf2 dependent and not due to secondary effects of the compound. These findings provide further evidence that MB has important neuroprotective effects that may be beneficial in the treatment of human neurodegenerative diseases with tau pathology.

 

MB to treat inflammation and pain via sodium ion channels and iNOS

MB abates inflammation by suppressing nitric oxide production, and ultimately relieves pain in arthritis and colitis.  

MB suppresses the iNOS/NO-mediated inflammatory signaling by directly downregulating inducible NO synthase (iNOS).

Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical which, in reactions with various molecules causes multiple biological effects, some good and some harmful.

It is produced by a reaction involving one of three enzymes iNOS, eNOS and nNOS.  i = inducible, n = neuronal and e = endothelial

iNOS is a major downstream mediator of inflammation.

eNOS is very helpful because it can widen blood vessels and so reduce blood pressure and increase blood flow.

nNOS is found in the brain and the peripheral nerve system where it has several important functions.  

MB may impede pain transmission by dampening neuronal excitability elicited by voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs).  You would then think that in people with seizures due to malfunctioning sodium channels, MB might be beneficial; for example Nav1.1 in Dravet syndrome. 

Methylene Blue Application to Lessen Pain: Its Analgesic Effect and Mechanism

Methylene blue (MB) is a cationic thiazine dye, widely used as a biological stain and chemical indicator. Growing evidence have revealed that MB functions to restore abnormal vasodilation and notably it is implicated even in pain relief. Physicians began to inject MB into degenerated disks to relieve pain in patients with chronic discogenic low back pain (CDLBP), and some of them achieved remarkable outcomes. For osteoarthritis and colitis, MB abates inflammation by suppressing nitric oxide production, and ultimately relieves pain. However, despite this clinical efficacy, MB has not attracted much public attention in terms of pain relief. Accordingly, this review focuses on how MB lessens pain, noting three major actions of this dye: anti-inflammation, sodium current reduction, and denervation. Moreover, we showed controversies over the efficacy of MB on CDLBP and raised also toxicity issues to look into the limitation of MB application. This analysis is the first attempt to illustrate its analgesic effects, which may offer a novel insight into MB as a pain-relief dye. 

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

The modulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases. 

MB acts as a non-competitive antagonist on α7 nAChRs.

Well known drugs that act in a similar way include the Alzheimer’s drug Memantine and Ketamine. Recall that intranasal Ketamine has been used in autism. 

Substances  with the opposite effect include nicotine, choline and of course

Amyloid beta, the marker of Alzheimer's disease.

Note that some people need to block α7 nAChRs and some people need to activate them. 

Methylene blue inhibits the function of α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

FDA Drug Safety Communication: Serious CNS reactions possible when methylene blue is given to patients taking certain psychiatric medications

A list of the serotonergic psychiatric medications that can interact with methylene blue can be found here. 

• Methylene blue can interact with serotonergic psychiatric medications and cause serious CNS toxicity.
• In emergency situations requiring life-threatening or urgent treatment with methylene blue (as described above), the availability of alternative interventions should be considered and the benefit of methylene blue treatment should be weighed against the risk of serotonin toxicity. If methylene blue must be administered to a patient receiving a serotonergic drug, the serotonergic drug must be immediately stopped, and the patient should be closely monitored for emergent symptoms of CNS toxicity for two weeks (five weeks if fluoxetine [Prozac] was taken), or until 24 hours after the last dose of methylene blue, whichever comes first.
• In non-emergency situations when non-urgent treatment with methylene blue is contemplated and planned, the serotonergic psychiatric medication should be stopped to allow its activity in the brain to dissipate. Most serotonergic psychiatric drugs should be stopped at least 2 weeks in advance of methylene blue treatment. Fluoxetine (Prozac), which has a longer half-life compared to similar drugs, should be stopped at least 5 weeks in advance.
• Treatment with the serotonergic psychiatric medication may be resumed 24 hours after the last dose of methylene blue.
• Serotonergic psychiatric medications should not be started in a patient receiving methylene blue. Wait until 24 hours after the last dose of methylene blue before starting the antidepressant.
• Educate your patients to recognize the symptoms of serotonin toxicity or CNS toxicity and advise them to contact a healthcare professional immediately if they experience any symptoms while taking serotonergic psychiatric medications or methylene blue.

Conclusion 

Rather surprisingly, this therapy from the fish tank may have wide ranging effects on the autistic brain and in those with dementia, bipolar etc.

Possible benefits might include:

·        Improved production of ATP (energy) in the brain

·        Reduced oxidative stress in the brain

·        Reduced nitrosative stress

·        Reduced inflammation

·        Improved mood (due to increased serotonin)

·        Improved memory and cognitive function

·        Reduction in obsessive behaviors

In one of the papers, they comment that “methylene blue modulates functional connectivity in the human brain”.

It seems to work for Dragos.  You can also see that people on Reddit use it for issues like ADHD. 

 

Note the FDA warning:

Do not combine Methylene Blue with serotonergic psychiatric medications, because of the risk of serotonin syndrome (i.e., serotonin toxicity).