Genetic testing results

Click on the picture above to read about the upcoming event in London. There are familiar faces appearing, like Agnieszka, Dr Boles and indeed me.

 

I am quite often sent genetic testing results. There are many types of tests ranging from inexpensive tests looking at SNPs to the expensive WES or WGS tests.

SNP = Snip = Single Nucleotide Polymorphism = a tiny genetic spelling mistake

WES = Whole Exome Sequencing

WGS = Whole Genome Sequencing

There is a small industry based around selling expensive supplements for SNPs.

We all carry thousands of SNPs and I think these tests may often raise issues that are not causal.  The results from WGS or WES can be much more insightful.  A good example being in the comment recently posted on this blog.

 

I've been following your blog for many years, it's a real blessing and the perfect place to come and read for us, parents of ASD kids. My boy, 9, has non-regressive autism, is largely non verbal (one word sentence) and has pronounced OCD symptoms (similar to excoriating disorder, but aimed at the environment), hyperactivity and severe gut problems, recurrent vomitting, gastroparesis, etc. The only thing that visibly stopped the hyperactivity and inappropriate laughing and helped him sit for longer periods of time and read his books or watch whole movies was 0.5/kg mg Naltrexone daily, as advised by this paper https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16735648/. Lower doses saw the OCD creep back. As for his WGS test results, I've found relevant the fact that he has four pathogenic mutations in the EIF4EBP1, also a de novo mutation in the PIK3R1 gene and multiple other mutations in the STAT3, HTR3a, MAPT and also HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQA1, HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, NRG1, NRG2, SCN4a, CACNA1S genes, amongst many others. We recently tried a course of Azythromycin for immuno-modulation, which saw his OCD reduced further, also his academic interest and focus increased visibly. He responds very well to Ibuprofen, AlkaSeltzer gold, Propranolol, Sytrinol and Cromolyn, but a quite long trial of Bumetanide two years ago did nothing for him. After all trials of various protocols and individual drugs, his gut is still bad, very often food seems to have major difficulty to pass though his digestive tract, no matter how finely tuned his diet is or how many prokinetics he takes. Given your extensive knowledge, I've always wondered what your take on the underlying problem/genetic pathway might be in his case (microglial activation, MTOR activation, perhaps?) and what drugs/cocktail of drugs might work best for his specific genetics and symptoms. He is a smart boy, has self-taught reading, loves music and masters his iPAD like a pro and, unlike what we know about autism, loves being around people. I cannot give up on him. We live in the UK, not the best place to even talk about treatments for autism. Please, if it's not too much to ask, tell me what other medications you thing it might boost his cognition further and help him start talking and develop more skills. Sorry for the long post. And thank you for any advice and ideas you might have to offer.

 

It would be useful to know which of the above mutations are present in at least one of the parents.  There so many possibly causal mutations here; I expect some are actually not relevant. In other words, it is not as scary at it may appear to be.

I do like to start with the easy part, which will be the ion channels.  Dysfunctions in ion channels (channelopathies) are often treatable with existing drugs and there is a great deal of information on each one.

 

CACNA1S

This gene encodes the calcium channel Cav1.1.

This is known as an L type calcium channel, the other ones being Cav1.2 and Cav1,3 and Cav1.4.

These ion channels are extremely important to how your brain works.  Because they also play a role in how your heart works, numerous drugs have been developed, some are more specific to one type of channel (Amlodipine for Cav1.3, Verapamil for Cav1.2).

The individual channels interact with other sub-types, so a mutation in one sub-type can affect other subtypes.

Very interesting in this case are the GI problems. There were efforts made a few years ago to develop R-verapamil as a drug to treat IBS/IBD under the name of Rezular. Some readers of this blog have reported that the only thing that resolves their child’s GI problems is an L-type calcium channel blocker.

Note Memantine, which is an Alzheimer’s drug that was subject to a very large autism clinical trial in the US.  The trial was deemed a failure, but one reader told me that Memantine is the only drug she had found that solved her child’s GI problems.  Memantine has several different modes of action, and a little reported one is blocking L-type calcium channels.

 

https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/49/9/64

Conclusions. Our results suggest that the neuroprotective effect of memantine could arise not only through the inhibition of the NMDA receptor current but also through the suppression of the L-type Ca²⁺ current.   

 

You might expect/hope a geneticist would suggest treatment with a drug like Verapamil.

  

SCN4a

This gene encodes the sodium ion channel Nav1.4.

This is one of the genes associated with Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis (HPP), that was covered extensively in this blog. Interestingly the above Cav1.1 is also associated with Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis (HPP).

The other genetic cause of HPP is KCNJ2 (an inward-rectifier potassium channel Kir2.1).

The immediate recovery therapy is drinking a potassium supplement.

A common preventative measure is acetazolamide (Diamox). This drug has also been covered in previous posts. The proposed mechanism is that it “increases the flow of potassium” – not sure what that is supposed to mean.

Some common anti-epilepsy drugs block Nav1.4 (Lamotrigine, Phenytoin etc).

All of the above-mentioned drugs have been used in autism. In specific cases they have shown a benefit.

You could ask your doctor to cautiously try them one by one.

Interestingly, the drug that seems to help many with sound sensitivity is Ponstan.  This cheap drug that affects the flow of potassium ions was proposed by Knut Witkowski as a therapy for 2-3 year olds to prevent non-verbal severe autism. 

 

EIF4EBP1

Here you mention there are 4 pathogenic mutations.

This gene is a real mouthful, but regular reader might recall the odd looking eIF4E part appearing in some previous posts

“This gene encodes one member of a family of translation repressor proteins. The protein directly interacts with eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), which is a limiting component of the multi subunit complex that recruits 40S ribosomal subunits to the 5' end of mRNAs. Interaction of this protein with eIF4E inhibits complex assembly and represses translation. This protein is phosphorylated in response to various signals including UV irradiation and insulin signaling, resulting in its dissociation from eIF4E and activation of cap-dependent mRNA translation.”

eIF4E inhibitors for Autism – Why not Ribavirin?

 

As you can see in the above post there are numerous ways to block elF4E. It is possible that the 4 mutations in your gene EIF4EBP1 could have the reverse effect in which case you would want to activate elF4E, not block it.

On the list, in my post above, is quercetin which is OTC and simple to try.

 

PIK3R1

A mutation in this gene can alter the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.

If this gene is causing a problem you might see some facial features a triangular face, a prominent forehead, small chin with a dimple, a loss of fat under the skin, prominent ears, hearing loss and delayed speech.

A mutation in this gene can lead to SHORT syndrome, which hopefully your pediatrician will have heard of.

 https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/7633/short-syndrome

 

STAT3

STAT3 plays a key role in the immune system and elsewhere.

You can either have too much or too little STAT3.

In lay terms the immune system might end up either over-activated (hence benefiting from Ibuprofen and Cromolyn sodium) or under activated.

The immunomodulatory probiotics prescribed by gastroenterologists might be worth a try.

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG

Lactobacillus plantarum 299v 

 

This might well reduce GI problems as well.

  

HTR3a 

This gene encodes subunit A of the type 3 serotonin receptor. It has lots of effects, but it may contribute to the vomiting.

It is associated with:

• Motion sickness
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Social phobia
• Serotonin syndrome

For gastroparesis (impaired stomach's motility) the good drug seems to be Domperidone, which you should be able to get for free from your NHS doctor.

Another very popular therapy for gut dysbiosis of all kinds in some countries, but not the UK, is sodium butyrate. This has been mentioned in previous posts. It is an OTC supplement that will produce butyric acid in the gut and it helps restore a healthy mucosa. If you eat lots of fiber and have a healthy microbiome you would produce butyric acid naturally. The cheapest place in Europe to buy it is Poland, where they sell a product called Intesta Max (a weaker version is Intesta).  In the UK it is 3 times more expensive. Making friends with a Pole will save you money.

 

MAPT

The MAPT gene makes tau proteins.  There is a class of disease called tauopathy.

Tau Reduction Prevents Key Features of Autism in Mouse Models

 

Tau: A Novel Entry Point for mTOR-Based Treatments in Autism Spectrum Disorder?

 

As with the PIK3R1 mutation this will lead you to the idea of targeting mTOR signalling. You can inhibit this with Rapamycin, which has been used in autism.

 

Rapamycin/Sirolimus Improves the Behavior of an 8-Year-Old Boy With Nonsyndromic Autism Spectrum Disorder

 

One UK reader did get Everolimus prescribed on the NHS, but that was because the child was diagnosed with a genetic disorder called TSC. Several readers of this blog have tried Rapamycin as used in the Chinese case study.

If you do not have an over activated immune system, Rapamycin will cause the problem of an underactive immune system.

  

HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQA1, HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C,

 These genes all play a role in the immune system.

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is a complex of genes in humans which encode cell-surface proteins responsible for regulation of the immune system.

The immune system uses the HLAs to differentiate self cells and non-self cells. Any cell displaying that person's HLA type belongs to that person and is therefore not an invader.

 

HLA Immune Function Genes in Autism

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes on chromosome 6 are instrumental in many innate and adaptive immune responses. The HLA genes/haplotypes can also be involved in immune dysfunction and autoimmune diseases. It is now becoming apparent that many of the non-antigen-presenting HLA genes make significant contributions to autoimmune diseases. Interestingly, it has been reported that autism subjects often have associations with HLA genes/haplotypes, suggesting an underlying dysregulation of the immune system mediated by HLA genes. Genetic studies have only succeeded in identifying autism-causing genes in a small number of subjects suggesting that the genome has not been adequately interrogated. Close examination of the HLA region in autism has been relatively ignored, largely due to extraordinary genetic complexity. It is our proposition that genetic polymorphisms in the HLA region, especially in the non-antigen-presenting regions, may be important in the etiology of autism in certain subjects.

One specific HLA gene has been studied in autism.

 Inheritance of HLA-Cw7 Associated With Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a behaviorally defined disorder that is now thought to affect approximately 1 in 69 children in the United States. In most cases, the etiology is unknown, but several studies point to the interaction of genetic predisposition with environmental factors. The immune system is thought to have a causative role in ASD, and specific studies have implicated T lymphocytes, monocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and certain cytokines. The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is involved in the underlying process for shaping an individual’s immune system, and specific HLA alleles are associated with specific diseases as risk factors. In this study, we determine whether a specific HLA allele was associated with ASD in a large cohort of patients with ASD. Identifying such an association could help in the identification of immune system components which may have a causative role in specific cohorts of patients with ASD who share similar specific clinical features. Specimens from 143 patients with ASD were analyzed with respect to race and ethnicity. Overall, HLA-Cw7 was present in a much greater frequency than expected in individuals with ASD as compared to the general population. Further, the cohort of patients who express HLA-Cw7 shares specific immune system/inflammatory clinical features including being more likely to have allergies, food intolerances, and chronic sinusitis as compared to those with ASD who did not express HLA-Cw7. HLA-Cw7 has a role in stimulating NK cells. Thus, this finding may indicate that chronic over-activation of NK cells may have a role in the manifestation of ASD in a cohort of patients with increased immune system/inflammatory features.

 

The therapeutic implication would be to look at immunomodulatory therapy.

At the simple level you have NSAIDs like Ibuprofen, but then you have the more potent drugs used to treat psoriasis, arthritis, IBD etc.

If you saw Dr Arthur Krigsman, the autism gastroenterologist, I guess he would prescribe Humira.  This is an injection you take every few weeks.  That very well might help your son in many ways. He does also come to Europe for consultations. You would need a colonoscopy.

Some British parents take their autistic kids with GI problems to Italy for treatment. You could ask the Thinking Autism charity who they go to see. One of these doctors presented at their conference in London in 2019.  He used some of Krigsman’s slides in his presentation.

 

NRG1, NRG2

Neuregulin 1 and 2 are implicated in brain disorders. NRG1 is well known as a schizophrenia gene, but it has been shown to be miss-expressed in autism as well.

NRG2 also plays a role in many neurological conditions.  

Neuregulins in Neurodegenerative Diseases 

The downstream effect of NRG1 is on epidermal growth factor (EGF). There are expensive cancer drugs like Lapatinib that are inhibitors of EGFR. 

As I have written in my blog, disturbed growth factors is a recurring feature of autism. This is why son many autism genes are also cancer genes. Don’t worry, this does not mean everyone with autism is going to get cancer.

 

Conclusion

Try and find a doctor who is interested to treat your son.

I think you will make great strides by treating the GI problems that you see every day.

I did meet an UK autism mother at that conference in London in 2019 who was told by her doctor that her son’s GI problems would not be treated in the UK and she should look abroad. She went to Italy and solved his problems.  It sounds so bizarre, I would not have believed it to be possible, had I not been talking directly to the mother.  I did talk to the Italian gastroenterologist at that same event.  Contact Thinking Autism and ask who was the Italian who presented in 2019.

Autism Research Merry-go-round Keeps Turning

 

Today’s post again shows that many issues raised in previous posts keep on coming back – is that good news? Only you can decide.

I start with the “old chestnut” (English idiom to imply “a tired old story”) of the Autism Tsunami. 

Then we see what has come up in the world of autism interventions in the research in the last 3 weeks, most of which regular readers will already be aware of.

·        Autism Tsunami – real or not?

·        Vitamin D

·        Bumetanide

·        Ibudilast

·        Niclosamide

·         Non-invasive brain stimulation

·         Simvastatin 

I noted the research about autism incidence coming from Northern Ireland because it was published in the Belfast News Letter.  These days it has a tiny subscription, but I am one of those who know it is the world's oldest English-language general daily newspaper still in publication, having first been printed in 1737. In 1972 a bomb warning was called in to the paper's office and, as people evacuated, an explosion went off nearby killing several people and injuring many more. Back in the early 1990s, when some people in Northern Ireland were still blowing up others with bombs, I made a visit to Northern Ireland to meet the management of this newspaper. 

Their recent article on autism incidence is very well researched considering how only about 8,000 copies are published. Keep up the good work!

Idea that 5% of all Northern Ireland's children are autistic is 'a fantasy' claims international expert

Professor Laurent Mottron was speaking to the News Letter following a claim that the rate of autism in Northern Ireland is double the rate in the rest of the UK.

Back in 2019 Prof Mottron had authored a report warning about a tsunami of over-diagnosis, saying that soon "the definition of autism may get too vague to be meaningful, trivializing the condition"

“If this trend holds, the objective difference between people with autism and the general population will disappear in less than 10 years," he had said then – and has now indicated that this “fuzziness” is what’s helping swell the numbers in Northern Ireland.

Meanwhile Jill Escher, the president of the National Council on Severe Autism, takes a different view.

She says that evidence indicates the "skyrocketing" rate of autism in Northern Ireland is real, adding: "It boggles my mind that it is not the subject of the highest possible alarm and inquiry."

"One in 20 children in Northern Ireland of school age has a diagnosis of autism," he told MPs.

"[It is] one in 57 in the rest of the UK. The need in Northern Ireland is significantly different."

To put that in perspective, that would mean 5% of Northern Irish children are diagnosed with autism, compared with 1.8% in the rest of the UK.

Prof Mottron, a psychiatrist based at Montreal University, told the News Letter "numbers such as 5% are pure fantasy... these numbers correspond to the part of the general population which has less overt socialisation, which has minimally to do with prototypical autism". 

There is a "current fuzziness of autism diagnosis and over-inclusivity," he said, leading to "a situation of perfect confusion between autistic traits and prototypical autism" (that is, mixing up people who exhibit some tendencies of autistic people with people who actually have the full-blown condition). 

"The scientific 'quasi consensus' would be around 1% everywhere on the planet,” he added.

 

So on one side we have Jill Escher and her NCSA and on the other we have a French/Canadian researcher.  This time Laurent Mottron but in my blog posts I quoted Éric Fombonne.

A paper that was mentioned both in my blog and critiqued by Jill about autism incidence and cost just got retracted.  In reality a better word is “cancelled.”  The 3 authors are very much in the politically incorrect camp of the autism debate.

I was surprised it ever got published.  

Controversial ‘cost of autism’ paper retracted 

Citing methodological issues and undeclared conflicts of interest, an autism journal has retracted a paper that forecast the prevalence and cost of autism.

The retraction note, posted last week, comes two years after Spectrum reported on backlash surrounding the paper, which was published in the Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders in July 2021. A month after publication, the journal added an editor’s note that the study was under investigation because of criticisms of its conclusions. 

“I am glad to see that it was retracted, although at a pace that maybe is a bit frustrating in terms of how long it took. But it was the right choice,” says Brittany Hand, associate professor of health and rehabilitation sciences at Ohio State University in Columbus.

Outside experts who reviewed the paper on the journal’s behalf found that it misrepresented the rise in autism diagnoses and gave “insufficient attention” to some potential causes of the increase, such as improved surveillance and changes to the diagnostic criteria. The authors also used “higher estimates and assumptions that inflated costs,” according to the retraction note.

The authors — Mark Blaxill, Toby Rogers and Cynthia Nevison — all disagree with the journal’s decision, the note also says.

The cancelled paper is here:-

Autism Tsunami: the Impact of Rising Prevalence on the Societal Cost of Autism in the United States

 

I assume Blaxill was the driving force behind all the math, because he is the ex- management consultant, with a son with severe autism that his dad attributes to vaccines.

What I found bizarre in their paper was that they has a prevention scenario, based on what they think has already happened in rich parts of California, where they think autism incidence is falling.  It is not falling, all that is happening is that wealthy Californians are paying for treatment using insurance or their own money, and no longer burdening the State.

The “rainbow” researchers that wanted the paper retracted think that preventing autism is akin to eugenics and Dr Mengele. According to Peter, treating autism is good, while Dr Josef Mengele, byname Todesengel (German: “Angel of Death”) was as bad as you can get.    

Jill Escher and her NCSA think that you cannot prevent autism.  According to Peter, you can both minimize the incidence and severity of autism. 

A bugbear of our reader Tanya is that the NCSA have a pet hate of facilitated communication and in particular the rapid prompting method (RPM). This method worked for Tanya’s son and it opened the door to independent, un-facilitated communication. 

Always keep an open mind.

 

 

 

“our Prevention scenario is based on real rates observed among wealthy white and Asian children in the California DDS.  Severe ASD prevalence has flattened and even declined among these children since birth year 2000, suggesting that wealthy parents have been making changes that effectively lower their children’s risk of developing ASD. The Prevention scenario assumes that these parental strategies and opportunities already used by wealthy parents to lower their children’s risk of ASD can be identified and made available rapidly to lower income children and ethnic minorities, who are currently experiencing the most rapid growth in ASD prevalence”

 

New Paper Makes Case that Autism Tsunami May Threaten American Economy

A major weakness in the analysis was the “Prevention Scenario” in which future costs were projected based on “what might be possible if strategies for reducing ASD risk are identified and addressed in the near future.” As I think everyone knows, at this time there is no way to prevent autism. But the authors use the observation that autism in the DDS is declining among wealthier white families, and thus “suggesting that wealthy parents have been making changes that effectively lower their children’s risk of developing ASD.” No, it’s far more likely that wealthier families are not entering their children into the system because they access services through insurance and school districts instead.

 

Vitamin D as a cause of autism has been discussed for decades.  As the title below puts it – a never-ending story. Our reader Seth Bittker even wrote a paper about it. He later wrote a paper about the use Acetaminophen/Paracetamol in children under two as a risk factor in developing autism. Good work Seth!

 

Maternal Vitamin D deficiency and brain functions: a never-ending story 

A large number of observational studies highlighted the prevalence rates of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in many populations as pregnant women. Vitamin D is well known to have a crucial role in differentiation and proliferation, as well as neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions in brain. Then, this micronutrient can modulate the neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. Recent results from animal and epidemiological studies indicated that maternal vitamin D deficiency is associated with a wide range of neurobiological disease including autism, schizophrenia, depression, multiple sclerosis or developmental defect. The aim of this review is to provide a state of the art on the effect of maternal vitamin D deficiency on brain functions and development.

4.2.2. Autism

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disease with repetitive behaviour and difficulties in social interaction, communication and learning. Several murine studies and cohorts have demonstrated that early exposure to low levels of VD during pregnancy could be a risk factor for ASD. In 2019, Ali et al. aimed to find out the impact of a maternal VDD on early postnatal, adolescent and adult offspring. By assessing righting reflex and negative geotaxis, they found out that the pups from deficient dams showed a delay in their motor development. P12 rats from deficient females also exhibited increased ultrasound vocalization indicating an alteration in their vocal communication. Adolescent and young adult rats displayed an altered stereotyped repetitive behaviour as they had a reduced digging behaviour. Adolescent rats had less social interaction with longer latency to interact, which was not found in adult rats; however, adults were more hyperactive but showed no anxiety like behaviour.  In another animal study, maternal VDD induced an increase in the vocalizations of the pups accompanied with a decrease in cortical FoxP2, decrease in social behaviour and impaired learning and memory were observed in adult males (Table 1). Using data from the Stockholm youth cohort, Magnusson et al. examined a population of 4-17-year-old children exposed to low levels of VD during gestation and was able to report a positive association between maternal VDD and ASD. Analysing the same cohort, Lee et al. suggested that high levels of VD during pregnancy were associated with a moderate decrease in risk of ASD in the offspring. A prospective study of a multi-ethnic cohort in the Netherlands (generation R study) has also shown an association between maternal mid-gestation VDD and a two-fold increase in the risk of autism in children (Table 2). Interestingly, VD supplementation seems to clinically improve ASD symptoms of affected children.

 

People do associate this blog with Bumetanide.  Yet another paper has been published showing the benefits of this therapy for autism.

 

EEG-based brain connectivity analysis in autism spectrum disorder: Unravelling the effects of bumetanide treatment 

Highlights

 

·        We investigated the nonlinear brain connectivity and topological changes in brain networks of people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) after a three-month course of bumetanide treatment.

·        We found statistically significant differences between pre and post intervention in the connectivity patterns using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA).

·        We found that the number of strong connections in response to sad image stimuli seem to be less compared with that of the other two stimuli, especially in the central area.

·        We found that the changes in brain connectivity between pre and post intervention is more significant in response to sad image stimuli.

 

Emerging evidence suggests that cognitive impairment associated with brain network disorders in people with autism could be improved with medications such as bumetanide. However, the extent to which bumetanide is effective in improving brain function in these individuals has not been adequately studied. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the nonlinear brain connectivity and topological changes in brain networks of people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) after a three-month course of bumetanide treatment. We used electroencephalography (EEG) data of nine participants recorded during the face emotion recognition activity in two stages before and after bumetanide treatment. Brain connectivity matrix was calculated using a neural network-based estimator. Graph criteria and statistical tests have been used to determine the effects of bumetanide treatment on children and adolescents with autism. Bumetanide treatment significantly alters the brain connectivity networks based on stimuli type. Differences in brain connectivity related to the sad stimuli are more significant. The most of the significant changes of the strength graph metric was in the occipital electrodes and electrodes related to the right hemisphere. These results suggest that bumetanide may affect effective connectivity and be used a promising treatment for improving social interactions in patients with autism. It also suggests that brain connectivity patterns can be considered as a neural marker to be used in the development of new therapies. 

I have also covered in sometimes painful details the potential to treat autism and increase cognitive function using PDE (Phosphodiesterase) inhibitors. One of our psychiatrist readers is a huge fan of Pentoxifylline and takes it himself.

I was recently asked how to obtain Ibudilast.  It is approved in Japan as an asthma drug. Sometimes it is called Ketas and you can get it from an “International Pharmacy” in Germany/Switzerland if you have a prescription. 

I also wrote about repurposing Roflumilast, which as Daxas is approved all over the world as a therapy for severe asthma (COPD). This drug at a 1/5^th dose has been patented as a cognitive enhancer.

 

Phosphodiesterase inhibitor, ibudilast alleviates core behavioral and biochemical deficits in the prenatal valproic acid exposure model of autism spectrum disorder

 

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is categorized as a neurodevelopmental disorder, presenting with a variety of aetiological and phenotypical features. Ibudilast is known to produce beneficial effects in several neurological disorders including neuropathic pain, multiple sclerosis, etc. by displaying its neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. Here, in our study, the pharmacological outcome of ibudilast administration was investigated in the prenatal valproic acid (VPA)-model of ASD in Wistar rats.

Methods

Autistic-like symptoms were induced in Wistar male pups of dams administered with Valproic acid (VPA) on embryonic day 12.5. VPA-exposed male pups were administered with two doses of ibudilast (5 and10 mg/kg) and all the groups were evaluated for behavioral parameters like social interaction, spatial memory/learning, anxiety, locomotor activity, and nociceptive threshold. Further, the possible neuroprotective effect of ibudilast was evaluated by assessing oxidative stress, neuroinflammation (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10) in the hippocampus, % area of Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells and neuronal damage in the cerebellum.

Key findings: Treatment with ibudilast significantly attenuated prenatal VPA exposure associated social interaction and spatial learning/memory deficits, anxiety, hyperactivity, and increased nociceptive threshold, and it decreased oxidative stress markers, pro-inflammatory markers (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6), and % area of GFAP-positive cells and restored neuronal damage.

Conclusions

Ibudilast treatment has restored crucial ASD-related behavioural abnormalities, potentially through neuroprotection. Therefore, benefits of ibudilast administration in animal models of ASD suggest that ibudilast may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of ASD.

 

 

I have also written widely about repurposing certain anti-parasite medicines to treat autism. This is not because I think parasites cause autism, it is the secondary modes of action.

 

 

Repurposing Niclosamide as a plausible neurotherapeutic in autism spectrum disorders, targeting mitochondrial dysfunction: a strong hypothesis

 

 

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are a complex set of neurodevelopmental manifestations which present in the form of social and communication deficits. Affecting a growing proportion of children worldwide, the exact pathogenesis of this disorder is not very well understood, and multiple signaling pathways have been implicated. Among them, the ERK/MAPK pathway is critical in a number of cellular processes, and the normal functioning of neuronal cells also depends on this cascade. As such, recent studies have increasingly focused on the impact this pathway has on the development of autistic symptoms. Improper ERK signaling is suspected to be involved in neurotoxicity, and the same might be implicated in autism spectrum disorders (ASD), through a variety of effects including mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Niclosamide, an antihelminthic and anti-inflammatory agent, has shown potential in inhibiting this pathway, and countering the effects shown by its overactivity in inflammation. While it has previously been evaluated in other neurological disorders like Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease, as well as various cancers by targeting ERK/MAPK, it’s efficacy in autism has not yet been evaluated. In this article, we attempt to discuss the potential role of the ERK/MAPK pathway in the pathogenesis of ASD, specifically through mitochondrial damage, before moving to the therapeutic potential of niclosamide in the disorder, mediated by the inhibition of this pathway and its detrimental effects of neuronal development.

 

Note that in earlier posts I explored RASopathies as potentially treatable types of intellectual disability (ID). We also have RAS-dependent cancers as a discrete treatable sub-type of cancer.

The ERK/MAPK pathway is known to interact with multiple genes that have been implicated in autism, and genome-wide association analysis of the same have supported these findings. As such, a dysregulation of this pathway has been found to result in many CNS disorders, including ASD-related syndromes, in many studies. These syndromes are collectively known as Rasopathies, due to the fact that the affected genes include those encoding for elements which function together with Ras, a G-protein responsible for activating ERKs (Levitt and Campbell 2009; Tidyman and Rauen 2009). It has been found that ASD is linked to the occurrence of many Rasopathies, and there have been multiple reports suggesting the possible relation of ERK/MAPK pathway defects with the incidence of ASD (Vithayathil et al. 2018; Aluko et al. 2021)⁠⁠. Moreover, a detailed study has found that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ERK/MAPK-related genes are more common in subjects presenting with idiopathic ASD.

 

Niclosamide is an FDA-approved antihelminthic drug which is routinely used to treat tapeworm infections by inhibiting their mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production. In addition, it has long been known to have significant immunomodulating activity, and has been shown to inhibit a number of signaling pathways, including the Wingless-related integration site (Wnt)/β-catenin, nuclear factor kappa B (Nf-κB), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) (Chen et al. 2018). However, while these targets are known to be rather well-characterized in terms of the effect that niclosamide has on them, there are also other targets, including the phosphoinositode 3 kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) and ERK/MAPK pathways, that are seen to be downregulated by the agent. Hence, given the possible relation of the ERK pathway in autism, there has been interest in the potential role of niclosamide in the management of the prognosis of ASD. This article aims to discuss the possible therapeutic benefit of niclosamide in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders.

 

Now I know that parents like the idea of treating autism with various gadgets you can strap on to your head – things like Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS). I must say I liked my old post on Photobiomodulation/cold laser/low level laser therapy.

Epiphany: Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) for Autism – seems to work in Havana

From China we have a new round-up paper, but the full text does not yet seem to be ready.

 

Non-invasive brain stimulation for Patient with Autism： A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective: To comprehensively evaluate the efficacy of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in randomized controlled trials (RCT),providing reference for future research on the same topic.

Methods:Five databases were searched (Pubmed,Web of science,Medline,Embase and Cochrane library) and track relevant references,Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software.

Results: Twenty-two references(829 participants) were included. The results of meta analysis showed that, NIBS had positive effects on repetitive and stereotypical behaviors, cognitive function and executive function in autistic patients. Most of the included studies had a moderate to high risk of bias, Mainly because of the lack of blinding of subjects and assessors to treatment assignment, as well as the lack of continuous observation of treatment effects.

Conclusions: Available evidence supports an improvement in some aspects of NIBS in patients with ASD. However, due to the quality of the original studies and significant publication bias, these evidences must be treated with caution. Further large multicenter randomized double-blind controlled trials and appropriate follow-up observations are needed to further evaluate the specific efficacy of NIBS in patients with ASD.

Unfortunately, the Chinese have concluded that most of these studies are not reliable. So no laser for me to go out and buy just yet.

No need to dent your bank balance with the next therapy.  We are back to one of the world's most prescribed and therefore affordable drugs, its Simvastatin (Zocor). 

There is masses of information in this blog about the potential to treat sub-types of autism with Atorvastatin, Simvastatin or Lovastatin. They are each slightly different.

 

Effect of simvastatin on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/TrkB pathway in hippocampus of autism rat model 

Purpose: To study the effect of simvastatin on behavioral performance in a rat model of autism, and its effect on hippocampal brain-derived BDNF-TrkB pathway. 

Methods: Twelve rats with valproic acid (VPA)-induced autism were randomly divided into model group and simvastatin group, while six healthy rats served as normal control group. Rats in the simvastatin group received the drug (5 mg/kg) via i.p. route, while rats in model group and normal control group were injected with equivalent volume of normal saline in place of simvastatin. Capacity for interaction and repetitive stereotyped behavior, as well as results of Morris water maze test were determined for each group. The expressions of BDNF-TrkB proteins were assayed with immunoblotting. 

Results: The frequencies of sniffing normal saline, alcohol and rat urine were significantly higher in model and simvastatin rats than in normal rats, but they were significantly lower in simvastatin-treated rats than in model rats (p < 0.05). There was higher duration of turning, jumping and grooming in the model group and simvastatin group than in the normal rats, but the duration was significantly reduced in simvastatin rats, relative to model rats. Escape latency times was significantly longer in model and simvastatin rats than in controls, but number of target quadrant crossings was significantly reduced. However, escape latency time was lower in simvastatin rats than in model rats, but number of target quadrant crossings was significantly higher. The model and simvastatin rats had down-regulated levels of BDNF and TrkB protein, relative to control rats, but there were markedly higher levels of these proteins in simvastatin-treated rats than in model rats. 

Conclusion: Simvastatin improves the behavioral performance of autistic rats by regulating BDNF/TrkB signal axis. This finding may be useful in the development of new drugs for treating autism.

  

Conclusion

What is the conclusion? Well, I could say give up reading the new research and just read my old posts.  It seems you are not going to miss very much.

Of course, back in the real world, it is true that things do take time to change and after a few decades the leap might be taken from the research to the doctor’s office.

There already is plenty of research on the causes of autism and what steps can be taken by those who want to treat aspects of it.  It is far from a complete picture, but it is enough to get started.  There are no guarantees of success, but if you want 100% certainty you will wait forever.