Regular
readers of this post will know that I believe that Immunomodulatory therapy has
great promise for treating various subtypes of autism. In effect, I want to bring the over-activated
immune system back under control. Two
methods that appeal are:-
·
The steroid, Prednisone, because it is cheap and though it has side
effects, they are very well understood. It also has been shown to be effective
in autism and related conditions like PANDAS and Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS)
· Parasitic worms appeal because they are known to have beneficial effect in many auto-immune conditions ranging from arthritis to autism, but nobody really understood why. Until now.
This post is
about the worms and recent research which has established that it is likely
that they work by blocking the potassium channel Kv1.3.
You will
have noted that this blog keeps going on about ion channel dysfunctions and
autism. We already know that Cl-,
Ca2+ , K+ and Na2+ are all implicated.
When
researching calcium channel blockers for autism, one reason I picked Verapamil
was that it is also a potassium channel blocker. My earlier experiments have shown that
hypokalemic sensory overload exists in autism, I showed that oral potassium
could treat sensory overload.
Hypokalemic Autistic Sensory Overload
This blog is
(slowly) working its way through the ion channel dysfunctions known to exist in
autism.
Well, it
appears that Verapamil also blocks Kv1.3.
Block of the lymphocyte K+ channel mKv1.3 by the phenylalkylamine verapamil
Research Down Under
Researchers
in Australia have identified the chemicals released by parasitic worms that
have the effect of subduing the immune system.
They identified a large family of Stichodactyla helianthus
toxin (ShK)–related peptides in parasitic worms, they showed that these
peptides acted to inhibit Kv1.3 channels in human T cells.
Abstract
The
voltage-gated potassium (Kv) 1.3 channel is widely regarded as a therapeutic
target for immunomodulation in autoimmune diseases. ShK-186, a selective
inhibitor of Kv1.3 channels, ameliorates autoimmune diseases in rodent models,
and human phase 1 trials of this agent in healthy volunteers have been
completed. In this study, we identified and characterized a large family of Stichodactyla helianthus toxin
(ShK)–related peptides in parasitic worms. Based on phylogenetic analysis, 2
worm peptides were selected for study: AcK1, a 51-residue peptide expressed in
the anterior secretory glands of the dog-infecting hookworm Ancylostoma caninum and the
human-infecting hookworm Ancylostoma
ceylanicum, and BmK1, the C-terminal domain of a metalloprotease
from the filarial worm Brugia
malayi. These peptides in solution adopt helical structures closely
resembling that of ShK. At doses in the nanomolar–micromolar range, they block
native Kv1.3 in human T cells and cloned Kv1.3 stably expressed in L929 mouse
fibroblasts. They preferentially suppress the proliferation of rat CCR7−
effector memory T cells without affecting naive and central memory subsets and
inhibit the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response caused by skin-homing
effector memory T cells in rats. Further, they suppress IFNγ production by
human T lymphocytes. ShK-related peptides in parasitic worms may contribute to
the potential beneficial effects of probiotic parasitic worm therapy in human
autoimmune diseases
'Wormpill' could ease autoimmune disease symptoms
The
researchers noted that Kv1.3 is widely regarded as a therapeutic target for
immunomodulation in autoimmune diseases.
So it seems
that they have identified the mechanism of action of the worms.
Earlier
posts have mentioned intentionally swallowing TSO
parasites (Helminthic therapy) for autism and the trials now ongoing by
Coronado Biosciences. Here is part of
one post:-
I think that TSO is very interesting. It is now being developed by Coronado
Biosciences as a therapy for several inflammatory conditions including:-
·
Crohn’s disease
·
Ulcerative Colitis
·
Autism
Here is a link to all the clinical trials they are running.
The idea behind TSO is that the parasites have evolved a
method of ensuring their survival in their host, by subduing the immune system,
so that they are not killed/ejected. By
down-regulating the immune system, they become a therapy for diseases
featuring an over active immune system.
This all started a few years ago when one autism Dad figured
all this out and tried it on his own son.
Then began the long process of clinical trials, which then ended up with
Coronado Biosciences. The Dad’s website is here.
The
Australians have the idea of making their (ShK)–related peptides into a drug
therapy. So no need to swallow those
worms after all.
Verapamil or Stichodactyla helianthus toxin
(ShK)–related Peptides
Just as the
Australians may have trumped Coronado Bioscience with their better-than-a-worm
peptide pill, has Verapamil the ability to trump the Ozzies?
We know that
Verapamil is neutralizing many allergic reactions affecting autism all over the
body. This appears to be a combination
of mast cell stabilization and a possible effect on pancreatic function that
reduces GI problems. But is Verapamil’s
inhibitory effect on Kv1.3 also providing a broader immunomodulatory effect as
well? It does indeed look possible.
We would
need somebody using TSO worms for autism, to see if Verapamil was effective for
them too. Any volunteers?
Unlike the
TSO worms and the ShK peptides, Verapamil is cheap and sitting on the shelf in
your local pharmacy.